What type of sampling is effective in determining lead dust hazards?

Wipe sampling is a highly effective method for determining lead dust hazards because it directly measures the presence of lead on surfaces that people frequently come into contact with, such as floors, windowsills, and countertops. This method involves using a pre-moistened wipe to collect dust from these surfaces, which can then be analyzed in a laboratory for lead content.

The primary reason wipe sampling is appropriate in this context is that it accurately captures the lead contamination present in dust that could pose a risk of exposure, particularly for children who may ingest lead particles from surfaces through hand-to-mouth activities. By quantifying the amount of lead on surfaces, risk assessors can identify hazardous conditions and implement necessary remediation measures.

In comparison, air sampling primarily measures the concentration of lead in the air, which can be influenced by various external factors and may not provide a complete picture of lead exposure risks related to dust. Micro-vacuum sampling can also be a useful method, but it is generally more complex and may not provide the same level of standardized data as wipe sampling. Water sampling evaluates the presence of lead in drinking water rather than dust hazards, making it less relevant to assessing surface contamination.